{"id":4638,"date":"2022-12-04T00:49:24","date_gmt":"2022-12-04T02:49:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/portalatinoamericano\/?p=4638"},"modified":"2024-03-12T10:18:28","modified_gmt":"2024-03-12T12:18:28","slug":"espanol-farc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/portalatinoamericano\/es\/espanol-farc","title":{"rendered":"FARC"},"content":{"rendered":"FARC<\/b><\/p>\n

Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00edctor Manuel Moncayo Cruz<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

La guerrilla m\u00e1s antigua de\u00a0<\/span>Colombia<\/span><\/a>\u00a0y de Am\u00e9rica debe sus or\u00edgenes al\u00a0<\/span>movimiento guerrillero<\/span>\u00a0liberal de los a\u00f1os 40 y 50. Luego se convirti\u00f3 en una organizaci\u00f3n revolucionaria, con clara influencia del\u00a0<\/span>Partido Comunista<\/span><\/a>\u00a0Colombiano (PCC), existente desde 1930. La transformaci\u00f3n se dio en los primeros a\u00f1os del Frente Nacional (poco despu\u00e9s de 1958) y se cristaliz\u00f3 a partir del ataque militar al poblado de Marquetalia (el 27 de mayo de 1964), bajo el liderazgo del antiguo guerrillero liberal Pedro Antonio Mar\u00edn, o\u00a0<\/span>Manuel Marulanda V\u00e9lez<\/span>, o\u00a0Tirofijo, comandante de las FARC. La denominaci\u00f3n del movimiento y su organizaci\u00f3n formal s\u00f3lo quedar\u00edan establecidas a partir de la Segunda Conferencia del Bloque Guerrillero del Sur de Colombia, en abril y mayo de 1966.<\/span><\/p>\n

Su crecimiento fue vertiginoso. Los apenas 350 combatientes de 1966, en el Departamento de Tolima, veinte a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s se hab\u00edan multiplicado por diez, hasta llegar, en 1995, a 7.000. En 2005 sumaban m\u00e1s de 20.000 integrantes en todo el territorio nacional, organizados en 7 bloques, 70 frentes y m\u00e1s de 15 columnas m\u00f3viles e independientes en todo el pa\u00eds.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Guerrilleros de las FARC durante el Proceso de Paz (1998-2002) (DEA Public Affairs)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sus ingresos econ\u00f3micos, al principio centrados en el secuestro de personas y en las exigencias financieras a los agentes productivos, se vieron fortalecidos con la entrada de la organizaci\u00f3n en los cultivos y en el tr\u00e1fico de drogas il\u00edcitas, como consecuencia de la desaparici\u00f3n de los dos m\u00e1s importantes carteles del <\/span>narcotr\u00e1fico<\/span>.\u00a0Alrededor de los a\u00f1os 2000 las entradas anuales eran estimadas en m\u00e1s de US$ 1.000 millones. Estos ingresos y su capacidad de movilizaci\u00f3n de efectivos en la \u00e9poca de la desocupaci\u00f3n de la zona de Cagu\u00e1n, durante el di\u00e1logo con el gobierno de\u00a0<\/span>Andr\u00e9s Pastrana Arango<\/span>\u00a0(1998-2002), explicaban su poder\u00edo militar, constituido por abundante armamento, equipos de comunicaci\u00f3n, incluso a\u00e9reos, junto con el empleo de medios no convencionales en sus acciones armadas.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Durante los dos mandatos del presidente\u00a0<\/span>\u00c1lvaro Uribe V\u00e9lez<\/span><\/a>, entre 2002 y 2010, hubo un recrudecimiento del embate entre el gobierno colombiano y las FARC. Uribe, con el apoyo de los Estados Unidos, despreci\u00f3 cualquier soluci\u00f3n negociada. Parti\u00f3 a la confrontaci\u00f3n imponiendo serias derrotas a la guerrilla, sin duda, pero sumergiendo al pa\u00eds en una atm\u00f3sfera creciente de violencia y autoritarismo. El secuestro, por las FARC, de la senadora y candidata a la presidencia Ingrid Betancourt y las negociaciones para su liberaci\u00f3n, se convirtieron en una situaci\u00f3n emblem\u00e1tica del clima reinante en el per\u00edodo. Franco-colombiana, Betancourt fue llevada por los guerrilleros en el 2002 y estuvo en poder de ellos hasta julio del 2008. Los seis a\u00f1os en que permaneci\u00f3 en cautiverio llamaron la atenci\u00f3n a la situaci\u00f3n de centenas de otros secuestrados por las FARC como ella. Su historia moviliz\u00f3 a la opini\u00f3n p\u00fablica y estableci\u00f3 un sentido de urgencia en la resoluci\u00f3n del conflicto armado.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uribe no tuvo otra alternativa a no ser aceptar una soluci\u00f3n negociada, intermediada frente a las FARC por enemigos pol\u00edticos: el presidente venezolano\u00a0<\/span>Hugo Ch\u00e1vez<\/span><\/a>, con quien viv\u00eda en tensi\u00f3n y la senadora Piedad C\u00f3rdoba. Betancourt fue liberada en julio del 2008, en medio de un intercambio de acusaciones entre Uribe y Ch\u00e1vez, que llevaron a una ruptura diplom\u00e1tica entre Colombia y\u00a0<\/span>Venezuela<\/span><\/a>. Electo presidente colombiano en 2010,<\/span>\u00a0Juan Manuel Santos<\/span>\u00a0reestableci\u00f3 las relaciones con Venezuela y comenz\u00f3 a negociar la paz con los grupos guerrilleros.<\/span><\/p>\n

El primer encuentro formal entre el gobierno colombiano y los l\u00edderes de las FARC fue realizado en Oslo, Noruega, en 2012 y tuvo como mediadores representantes de los gobiernos de\u00a0<\/span>Cuba<\/span><\/a>, Venezuela y del pa\u00eds anfitri\u00f3n. Las partes definieron cinco puntos principales a ser discutidos: la cuesti\u00f3n de la tierra, la garant\u00eda de los derechos civiles y pol\u00edticos para los miembros desmovilizados de la guerrilla, la deposici\u00f3n de las armas y el fin del conflicto armado, el fin del tr\u00e1fico de drogas y la indemnizaci\u00f3n de las v\u00edctimas del conflicto.<\/span><\/p>\n

En 2014 el presidente Manuel Santos fue reelecto y dio proseguimiento al proceso de paz con la guerrilla. En diciembre de aquel a\u00f1o, las FARC declararon un cese al fuego unilateral y por tiempo indeterminado, con el objetivo de fortalecer las negociaciones. Sin embargo, al inicio de 2015, un ataque a un campamento militar result\u00f3 en la muerte de once soldados y casi coloc\u00f3 por tierra m\u00e1s de dos a\u00f1os de negociaci\u00f3n. Fue creada una defensor\u00eda para determinar la autor\u00eda del ataque.<\/span><\/p>\n

publicado\u00a016\/01\/2017 13:45,\u00a0Conte\u00fado atualizado em\u00a006\/07\/2017 15:23<\/span>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Disculpa, pero esta entrada est\u00e1 disponible s\u00f3lo en Portugu\u00eas.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23249,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[123,105,129],"tags":[200,207],"class_list":["post-4638","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-movimentos-sociais-e-partidos","category-questao-social","category-temas-temas","tag-movimentos-sociais-e-partidos","tag-questao-social","entry"],"yoast_head":"\nFARC - 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