{"id":4283,"date":"2022-10-23T17:47:45","date_gmt":"2022-10-23T19:47:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/portalatinoamericano\/?p=4283"},"modified":"2024-03-12T10:37:03","modified_gmt":"2024-03-12T12:37:03","slug":"espanol-chicanos-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/portalatinoamericano\/espanol-chicanos-2","title":{"rendered":"Chicanos"},"content":{"rendered":"D\u00eddimo Castillo <\/span>Fern\u00e1ndez<\/span><\/p>\n

Os chicanos s\u00e3o uma parte importante da popula\u00e7\u00e3o hisp\u00e2nica dos Estados Unidos. \u201cChicano\u201d \u00e9 o termo empregado para designar os cidad\u00e3os norte-americanos de origem mexicana. A palavra, de origem n\u00e1uatle, mistura tamb\u00e9m \u201cM\u00e9xico\u201d e \u201cmexicano\u201d, provenientes de \u201c\u00a0mexica\u00a0\u201d [me\u2019shi ka], que era a maneira como os astecas nomeavam seu territ\u00f3rio, localizado na parte central do que atualmente \u00e9 o\u00a0<\/span>M\u00e9xico<\/span><\/a>. Em termos hist\u00f3ricos, a origem dos chicanos remonta \u00e0 popula\u00e7\u00e3o mexicana dos territ\u00f3rios conquistados pelos Estados Unidos em meados do s\u00e9culo XIX, que posteriormente deram lugar aos estados do Texas, da Calif\u00f3rnia, do Colorado, de Nevada e do Novo M\u00e9xico. A condi\u00e7\u00e3o de chicano tem um componente ideol\u00f3gico e cultural que reivindica a heran\u00e7a hist\u00f3rica e tenta formar uma identidade pr\u00f3pria.<\/span><\/p>\n

A popula\u00e7\u00e3o latina, ou hisp\u00e2nica, constitui o grupo \u00e9tnico que cresce com maior rapidez nos Estados Unidos: chegou no ano 2000 aos 35,2 milh\u00f5es, o que equivale a 12,5% do total do pa\u00eds. Calcula-se que em 2050, um quarto da popula\u00e7\u00e3o dos Estados\u00a0Unidos ser\u00e1 latina. Com 20, 9 milh\u00f5es de representantes, os mexicanos respondem por 59,3% desse total; a categoria \u201coutros hisp\u00e2nicos\u201d, n\u00e3o identific\u00e1vel no censo, responde por 15,7%, e os porto-riquenhos por 9,7%, conforme mostra o gr\u00e1fico. Em grande parte, o crescimento inusitado da popula\u00e7\u00e3o hisp\u00e2nica, e particularmente da mexicana, decorre do impacto da\u00a0<\/span>migra\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/a>\u00a0para os Estados Unidos durante a d\u00e9cada de 1990. Estima-se que dois em cada cinco hisp\u00e2nicos nascidos fora dos Estados Unidos e residentes no pa\u00eds migraram no transcurso da \u00faltima d\u00e9cada (US Census Bureau, 2000).<\/span><\/p>\n

Apesar disso, 60% dos hisp\u00e2nicos residentes nos Estados Unidos nasceram no pa\u00eds, 11,2% correspondem a cidad\u00e3os naturalizados e 29% a indiv\u00edduos nascidos no estrangeiro. No caso dos mexicanos, 58,5% s\u00e3o nativos, 9,2% s\u00e3o naturalizados e 32,3% n\u00e3o s\u00e3o cidad\u00e3os americanos, isto \u00e9, s\u00e3o imigrantes permanentes e tempor\u00e1rios, legais e ilegais.<\/span><\/p>\n

A popula\u00e7\u00e3o hisp\u00e2nica \u00e9 muito heterog\u00eanea em termos sociodemogr\u00e1ficos e socioecon\u00f4micos. No caso particular da popula\u00e7\u00e3o chicana, a condi\u00e7\u00e3o de nativa dos Estados Unidos, mas, ao mesmo tempo, de origem mexicana, coloca-a em uma situa\u00e7\u00e3o social e culturalmente contradit\u00f3ria e amb\u00edgua. Em grande medida, seus membros mant\u00eam a cultura mexicana, em termos jur\u00eddicos s\u00e3o cidad\u00e3os norte-americanos, por\u00e9m, de fato, n\u00e3o t\u00eam acesso nem contam com as mesmas oportunidades, direitos e privil\u00e9gios que os cidad\u00e3os anglo-sax\u00f5es. N\u00e3o s\u00e3o propriamente mexicanos e costumam ser rebaixados para os estratos inferiores da sociedade norte-americana, submetidos a condi\u00e7\u00f5es de desigualdade e discrimina\u00e7\u00e3o social. Nesse sentido, diferentemente dos imigrantes, que, em certa medida, aspiram incorporar-se \u00e0 sociedade dos Estados Unidos, os chicanos constituem um grupo \u00e0 parte, muitas vezes contraposto aos pr\u00f3prios mexicanos, mas nucleados por uma identidade e cultura pr\u00f3prias, as quais tentam preservar.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Fonte: US Census Bureau, 2000. Nosotros: hispanos en los Estados Unidos. Informe especial do Censo 2000.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Estados Unidos: popula\u00e7\u00e3o hisp\u00e2nica por origem, 2000\u00a0(distribui\u00e7\u00e3o percentual)<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Fonte: US Census Bureau, 2000.\u00a0Nosotros:\u00a0hispanos en los Estados Unidos. Informe especial do Censo 2000.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

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D\u00eddimo Castillo Fern\u00e1ndez<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23250,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"","ocean_second_sidebar":"","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"","ocean_custom_header_template":"","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[102,116,122,129],"tags":[197,210,227],"class_list":["post-4283","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-diversidade-cultural","category-geopolitica-e-relacoes-internacionais","category-migracoes","category-temas-temas","tag-diversidade-cultural","tag-geopolitica-e-relacoes-internacionais","tag-migracoes","entry"],"yoast_head":"\nChicanos - 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