{"id":4301,"date":"2022-10-23T19:20:20","date_gmt":"2022-10-23T21:20:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/portalatinoamericano\/?p=4301"},"modified":"2024-03-12T10:36:41","modified_gmt":"2024-03-12T12:36:41","slug":"espanol-agraria-reforma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/portalatinoamericano\/espanol-agraria-reforma","title":{"rendered":"Agr\u00e1ria, Reforma"},"content":{"rendered":"<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bernardo Man\u00e7ano Fernandes<\/span><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Para compreender melhor a reforma agr\u00e1ria, \u00e9 preciso entend\u00ea-la como uma pol\u00edtica territorial. Ela n\u00e3o envolve apenas os fatores econ\u00f4mico e social, de produ\u00e7\u00e3o de alimentos e mercadorias e ressocializa\u00e7\u00e3o de fam\u00edlias sem terra. O que est\u00e1 em quest\u00e3o \u00e9 a reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o de um modo de vida, da organiza\u00e7\u00e3o da produ\u00e7\u00e3o e do territ\u00f3rio regido pelo trabalho familiar do campon\u00eas ou da comunidade ind\u00edgena. Tal condi\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00f3 \u00e9 poss\u00edvel se existir esse territ\u00f3rio campon\u00eas e ind\u00edgena, disputado tamb\u00e9m pelo\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">agroneg\u00f3cio<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Com o desenvolvimento do agroneg\u00f3cio, intensifica-se a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de terras em poder de latifundi\u00e1rios e empresas multinacionais, que expropriam os camponeses e ind\u00edgenas, e tamb\u00e9m se apropriam de florestas e campos naturais. Para resistir a esse processo de expropria\u00e7\u00e3o e exclus\u00e3o, os camponeses e ind\u00edgenas organizam-se em movimentos socioterritoriais, ou seja,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">movimentos sociais\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">que t\u00eam o territ\u00f3rio como raz\u00e3o de exist\u00eancia e pressionam o Estado para a realiza\u00e7\u00e3o de um projeto de reforma agr\u00e1ria.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A reforma agr\u00e1ria \u00e9 uma pol\u00edtica p\u00fablica, de compet\u00eancia do\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/portalatinoamericano\/espanol-estado\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Estado<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, para promover o acesso \u00e0 terra aos camponeses sem terra, por meio da descentraliza\u00e7\u00e3o da estrutura fundi\u00e1ria, composta predominantemente da soma das propriedades camponesas e ind\u00edgenas e das propriedades capitalistas. Todavia, a efetiva\u00e7\u00e3o de um projeto de reforma agr\u00e1ria n\u00e3o garante a total descentraliza\u00e7\u00e3o da estrutura fundi\u00e1ria, deixando aberta a possibilidade de reconcentra\u00e7\u00e3o da terra. Simultaneamente, podem ocorrer processos de descentraliza\u00e7\u00e3o e concentra\u00e7\u00e3o da estrutura fundi\u00e1ria, como se observa no exemplo do\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/portalatinoamericano\/brasil\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brasil<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, onde, entre 1992 e 2003, as \u00e1reas das propriedades aumentaram em 89 milh\u00f5es de hectares (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tabela abaixo<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). Nesse per\u00edodo foram desapropriados pouco mais de 20 milh\u00f5es de hectares, todavia houve um aumento de 52 milh\u00f5es de hectares nos im\u00f3veis capitalistas com mais de 200 hectares. Os im\u00f3veis camponeses com menos de 200 hectares tamb\u00e9m tiveram um crescimento de 37 milh\u00f5es de hectares.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Mudan\u00e7as na estrutura fundi\u00e1ria brasileira (1992-2003)<\/b><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 50.1524%; height: 192px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 17.7365%; height: 24px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.0338%; height: 24px;\" colspan=\"2\"><b>1992<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 39.8649%; height: 24px;\" colspan=\"2\"><b>2003<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 17.7365%; height: 48px;\"><b>Im\u00f3veis<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><b>(en ha)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.7973%; height: 48px;\"><b>\u00c1rea (en milh\u00f5es de ha)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 5.23649%; height: 48px;\"><b>%<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.6284%; height: 48px;\"><b>\u00c1rea (en milh\u00f5es de ha<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 5.23649%; height: 48px;\"><b>%<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 17.7365%; height: 48px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mais de 200<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(capitalistas)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.7973%; height: 48px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">245<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 5.23649%; height: 48px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">74<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.6284%; height: 48px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">297<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 5.23649%; height: 48px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">71<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 17.7365%; height: 48px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Menos de 200<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(campesinos)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.7973%; height: 48px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">86<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 5.23649%; height: 48px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">26<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.6284%; height: 48px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">123<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 5.23649%; height: 48px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">29<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 17.7365%; height: 24px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Total<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.7973%; height: 24px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">331<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 5.23649%; height: 24px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">100<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.6284%; height: 24px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">420<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 5.23649%; height: 24px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">100<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fonte: Sistema Nacional de Cadastro Rural<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Org. Bernardo Man\u00e7ano Fernandes).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analisando a tabela, pode-se deduzir que, se nesse per\u00edodo n\u00e3o tivesse sido realizada a reforma agr\u00e1ria, os im\u00f3veis capitalistas possivelmente teriam crescido 72 milh\u00f5es de hectares e os im\u00f3veis camponeses, apenas 17 milh\u00f5es de hectares. Observa-se que houve aumentos absolutos das propriedades capitalistas e das propriedades camponesas, todavia a participa\u00e7\u00e3o relativa dos im\u00f3veis camponeses aumentou de 26% para 29%. Esse exemplo demonstra a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o e descentraliza\u00e7\u00e3o simult\u00e2neas da estrutura fundi\u00e1ria. Esses processos aconteceram, principalmente, nos pa\u00edses em que a fronteira agr\u00edcola est\u00e1 aberta e onde novas \u00e1reas est\u00e3o sendo incorporadas, principalmente terras p\u00fablicas, como florestas e campos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diversos pa\u00edses da Am\u00e9rica Latina j\u00e1 realizaram projetos de reforma agr\u00e1ria que n\u00e3o foram suficientes para descentralizar a estrutura fundi\u00e1ria, tendo ocorrido reconcentra\u00e7\u00e3o da terra. Os exemplos s\u00e3o o\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/portalatinoamericano\/mexico\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M\u00e9xico<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/portalatinoamericano\/venezuela\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Venezuela<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, o\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/portalatinoamericano\/chile\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Chile<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, o\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/portalatinoamericano\/peru\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Peru\u00a0<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">e a<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/portalatinoamericano\/espanol-bolivia\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Bol\u00edvia<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Nesses pa\u00edses, no come\u00e7o do s\u00e9culo XXI, a reforma agr\u00e1ria foi uma pol\u00edtica reivindicada pelos movimentos ind\u00edgenas e camponeses, exatamente porque os modelos de desenvolvimento da agropecu\u00e1ria n\u00e3o resolveram os problemas fundi\u00e1rios e territoriais. Depois da \u201crevolu\u00e7\u00e3o verde\u201d, que intensificou o uso de insumos e a mecaniza\u00e7\u00e3o da agricultura e da pecu\u00e1ria, surgiram estudos defendendo o fim da reforma agr\u00e1ria. O argumento principal era de que, com o uso de novas tecnologias, o problema da fome seria superado e as pol\u00edticas de reforma agr\u00e1ria seriam dispens\u00e1veis. Esse discurso foi retomado, recentemente, com o advento dos organismos geneticamente modificados, tamb\u00e9m chamados de \u201calimentos transg\u00eanicos\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As revolu\u00e7\u00f5es tecnol\u00f3gicas na agropecu\u00e1ria e as pol\u00edticas agr\u00edcolas ampliaram o processo de produ\u00e7\u00e3o de alimentos, associando-se com diversos setores industriais e com os mercados, criando, assim, o novo modelo de desenvolvimento denominado agroneg\u00f3cio. Embora esse modelo tenha aumentado extraordinariamente a produtividade agr\u00edcola e pecu\u00e1ria, tamb\u00e9m gerou problemas ambientais e desemprego estrutural, al\u00e9m de manter as desigualdades e a fome. Ainda na d\u00e9cada de 1990, o Banco Mundial passou a apoiar, pela primeira vez, pol\u00edticas de reforma agr\u00e1ria em alguns pa\u00edses como\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/portalatinoamericano\/espanol-guatemala\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Guatemala<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Brasil e\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/portalatinoamericano\/espanol-colombia\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Col\u00f4mbia<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, mas sob uma nova modalidade: a reforma agr\u00e1ria de mercado. A a\u00e7\u00e3o do Banco Mundial modificou o conceito de reforma agr\u00e1ria, que at\u00e9 ent\u00e3o era unicamente uma pol\u00edtica de interven\u00e7\u00e3o do Estado, que desapropriava as \u00e1reas declaradas \u00fateis para esse fim.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O aumento da produtividade e\/ou a inova\u00e7\u00e3o tecnol\u00f3gica n\u00e3o diminuem as desigualdades. O controle do territ\u00f3rio e a soberania alimentar s\u00e3o condi\u00e7\u00f5es efetivas para minimizar a pobreza e diminuir a fome. Tais condi\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o constru\u00eddas na democracia, com o fortalecimento das organiza\u00e7\u00f5es populares e do Estado, com a cria\u00e7\u00e3o de espa\u00e7os pol\u00edticos para participa\u00e7\u00e3o e com a realiza\u00e7\u00e3o de pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas. A reforma agr\u00e1ria como pol\u00edtica de mercado tem aumentado os problemas sociais, pois em geral as piores terras s\u00e3o vendidas aos camponeses, que n\u00e3o conseguem produzir e tampouco pagar pela terra. A participa\u00e7\u00e3o da agricultura camponesa \u00e9 fundamental para o desenvolvimento dos pa\u00edses. As distribui\u00e7\u00f5es territorial e populacional s\u00e3o a base para a exist\u00eancia da democracia e para o fortalececimento da intera\u00e7\u00e3o entre o campo e a cidade.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bernardo Man\u00e7ano Fernandes<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23250,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[103,105,129],"tags":[216,207],"class_list":["post-4301","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cuestion-agraria","category-questao-social","category-temas-temas","tag-questao-agraria","tag-questao-social","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - 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