{"id":5620,"date":"2021-09-10T00:44:20","date_gmt":"2021-09-10T03:44:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/?p=5620"},"modified":"2021-09-10T22:51:44","modified_gmt":"2021-09-11T01:51:44","slug":"antigua-e-barbuda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/antigua-e-barbuda\/","title":{"rendered":"ANT\u00cdGUA E BARBUDA"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>ANT\u00cdGUA E BARBUDA<\/b><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Por Rafael Affonso de Miranda Alonso<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Nome oficial<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Antigua and Barbuda<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Localiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Caribe<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Estado<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monarquia constitucional tendo como chefe<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de Estado a rainha da Inglaterra, com sistema parlamentarista de governo<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Idiomas<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ingl\u00eas (oficial)\u00a0e crioulo antiguano<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moeda<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D\u00f3lar do Caribe oriental<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Capital\u00b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Saint John\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(22 mil hab. em 2014)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Superf\u00edcie\u00b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">442,6 km\u00b2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Popula\u00e7\u00e3o\u00b2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">87,2 mil (2010)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Densidade demogr\u00e1fica\u00b2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">197 hab.\/km\u00b2\u00a0(2010)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">da popula\u00e7\u00e3o\u00b3<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urbana (26,24%),\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rural (73,76%) (2010)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analfabetismo\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">18% (2000)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Composi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9tnica\u00b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negros (87,3%), mesti\u00e7os (4,7%),<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hisp\u00e2nicos (2,7%), brancos (1,6%), outros (2,7%), n\u00e3o especificada (0,9%) (2011)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Religi\u00f5es\u00b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protestantes (68,3%), cat\u00f3lico romana (8,2%), outras (12,2%), n\u00e3o especificada (5,5%),<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nenhuma (5,9%) (2011)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PIB (a pre\u00e7os constantes de 2010)\u2074<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">US$ 1,159 bilh\u00e3o (2013)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PIB\u00a0per capita\u00a0(a pre\u00e7os constantes de 2010)\u2074<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">US$ 12.881 (2013)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IDH\u2075<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0,774 (2013)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IDH no mundo \u00a0e na AL\u2075<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">61\u00b0\u00a0e 7\u00b0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elei\u00e7\u00f5es\u00b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Governo-geral nomeado pela rainha da Inglaterra. O Parlamento bicameral, no estilo brit\u00e2nico, est\u00e1 integrado por 17 membros designados pelo governador-geral e 17 membros eleitos pelo sufr\u00e1gio universal (C\u00e2mara dos Deputados), para um mandato de 5 anos.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fontes:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b9\u00a0Cia.\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">World Factbook.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b2 ONU.\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">World Population Prospects:\u00a0The 2012\u00a0Revision Population Database<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b3 ONU.\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2074 CEPALSTAT<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2075\u00a0ONU\/PNUD.\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Human Development Report<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,\u00a02014.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As ilhas de Ant\u00edgua e Barbuda est\u00e3o situadas no oceano Atl\u00e2ntico Norte ao lado do mar do Caribe e pertencem \u00e0s Pequenas Antilhas. Com \u00e1rea total de 442,6 km\u00b2, a na\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 formada pela ilha de Ant\u00edgua (280 km\u00b2) e suas duas depend\u00eancias Barbuda (160 km\u00b2) e Redonda (2 km\u00b2). Seus vizinhos mais pr\u00f3ximos s\u00e3o as\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antilhas Holandesas\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a noroeste,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o e N<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00e9vis\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a oeste,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Montserrat\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a sudoeste e\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Guadalupe\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ao sul. A popula\u00e7\u00e3o do pa\u00eds \u00e9 estimada em cerca de 87,2 mil pessoas (2010), das quais 22 mil concentram-se na capital Saint John\u2019s. Quase 90% da popula\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 afrodescendente, e as principais minorias s\u00e3o de mesti\u00e7os, brancos, indianos e amer\u00edndios. O idioma oficial do pa\u00eds \u00e9 o ingl\u00eas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ant\u00edgua, a principal ilha que forma a na\u00e7\u00e3o \u2013 j\u00e1 habitada pelos povos ind\u00edgenas\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">siboney\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(2400 a.C. &#8211; 35 d.C.), aruaques (35 &#8211; 1100 d.C.) e caribes \u2013 foi assim chamada pelo navegador Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o Colombo. Ele a avistou durante sua segunda viagem, em 1493, e escolheu o nome em homenagem \u00e0 igreja Santa Maria de la Ant\u00edgua de Sevilha, na Espanha.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Apenas em 1632, colonizadores brit\u00e2nicos oriundos da vizinha Saint Kitts reivindicaram a posse desses territ\u00f3rios para a Coroa brit\u00e2nica. O protagonista desse primeiro impulso por uma coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o sistem\u00e1tica das ilhas foi Thomas Warner.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O primeiro produto a ser cultivado com fins comerciais foi o tabaco, substitu\u00eddo progressivamente pela cana-de-a\u00e7\u00facar a partir da metade do s\u00e9culo XVII. O principal respons\u00e1vel pela introdu\u00e7\u00e3o do a\u00e7\u00facar foi Christopher Codrington, que chegou ao local em 1684, em busca de novas terras para repetir o empreendimento a\u00e7ucareiro, que j\u00e1 se mostrara exitoso e muito lucrativo em outros pontos da regi\u00e3o. Profundo conhecedor das novas t\u00e9cnicas de produ\u00e7\u00e3o, Codrington trouxe essas inova\u00e7\u00f5es baseado no que ocorria em\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Barbados<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a mais antiga e lucrativa col\u00f4nia a\u00e7ucareira brit\u00e2nica.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A produ\u00e7\u00e3o de a\u00e7\u00facar atingiu seu \u00e1pice em meados do s\u00e9culo XVIII. A paisagem das ilhas foi tomada por planta\u00e7\u00f5es e moinhos de vento que serviam para processar a cana \u2013 muitos ainda existem e t\u00eam sido restaurados para fins tur\u00edsticos. Como em todo o Caribe, ao longo desses anos, as ilhas tamb\u00e9m receberam milhares de escravos africanos para trabalhar nas grandes planta\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ant\u00edgua tamb\u00e9m ganhou relev\u00e2ncia no quadro colonial brit\u00e2nico no Caribe gra\u00e7as \u00e0 sua localiza\u00e7\u00e3o estrat\u00e9gica. Era considerada \u201cport\u00e3o de entrada\u201d para a regi\u00e3o e essencial para o controle das rotas de com\u00e9rcio da \u00e1rea; essa import\u00e2ncia \u00e9 testemunhada pelas fortifica\u00e7\u00f5es erguidas em diversos pontos, algumas das quais existem at\u00e9 os dias atuais, em English Harbour Town, no sul da ilha.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Em 1834, a Coroa brit\u00e2nica aboliu a \u00a0 escravid\u00e3o em todas as suas col\u00f4nias e estipulou um prazo de quatro anos de transi\u00e7\u00e3o ou \u201caprendizado\u201d, como foi chamado \u00e0 \u00e9poca.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5621\" style=\"width: 388px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/09\/antiguaebarbuda.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5621\" class=\"wp-image-5621\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/09\/antiguaebarbuda-300x183.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"378\" height=\"236\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-5621\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vista proporcionada pela colina de Shirley\u2019s Heights (Andrew Moore\/Creative Commons)<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Em Ant\u00edgua, a aboli\u00e7\u00e3o foi decretada imediatamente, sendo um dos territ\u00f3rios pioneiros, portanto, a colocar em pr\u00e1tica o decreto da Coroa. No entanto, a condi\u00e7\u00e3o de vida dos trabalhadores africanos e seus descendentes n\u00e3o se alterou substancialmente. Por muitos anos, ainda permaneceram vinculados a outras formas de depend\u00eancia em rela\u00e7\u00e3o aos seus patr\u00f5es, os grandes plantadores de cana-de-a\u00e7\u00facar. De 1871 at\u00e9 1956, os territ\u00f3rios de Ant\u00edgua e Barbuda foram governados pela Federa\u00e7\u00e3o das Ilhas Sotavento e, de 1958 a 1962, pela\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Federa\u00e7\u00e3o das \u00cdndias Ocidentais<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Governabilidade<\/b><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5622\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/09\/im2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5622\" class=\"wp-image-5622 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/09\/im2-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/09\/im2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/09\/im2-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/09\/im2-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/09\/im2-400x300.jpg 400w, https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/09\/im2-80x60.jpg 80w, https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/09\/im2.jpg 1298w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-5622\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">O centro comercial da capital St. John\u2019s (Wolfgang Meinhart\/Wikimedia Commons)<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O Partido Trabalhista de Ant\u00edgua (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PTA<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), o primeiro do pa\u00eds, surgiu como desdobramento da organiza\u00e7\u00e3o sindical dos trabalhadores (ATLU \u2013 Antigua Trades and Labor Union), iniciada em 1940. O principal l\u00edder era Vere Cornwall Bird, fundador da associa\u00e7\u00e3o sindical e do PTA, em 1946. No come\u00e7o, formalmente subordinado ao sindicato, o partido aos poucos ganhou autonomia. O sufr\u00e1gio universal adulto foi introduzido em 1951.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Em 1958, as ilhas passaram a fazer parte da Federa\u00e7\u00e3o das \u00cdndias Ocidentais, criada pela Gr\u00e3-Bretanha. Dois anos mais tarde, uma nova Constitui\u00e7\u00e3o concedeu mais autonomia ao governo local e, nas elei\u00e7\u00f5es do mesmo ano, o PTA saiu vitorioso. Bird tornou-se primeiro-ministro em 1966. Ant\u00edgua veio a ser o primeiro\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Estado<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0do Caribe oriental a ganhar a condi\u00e7\u00e3o de Estado associado \u00e0 comunidade brit\u00e2nica, em 1967, condi\u00e7\u00e3o que lhe deu o direito ao autogoverno interno e \u00e0 elei\u00e7\u00e3o de um Parlamento por meio do voto da popula\u00e7\u00e3o aut\u00f3ctone. As ilhas tornaram-se membros da British Commonwealth, ficando a cargo dos brit\u00e2nicos a dire\u00e7\u00e3o da pol\u00edtica externa e a defesa do pa\u00eds.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O governo local mudou de m\u00e3os apenas em 1971, quando o Partido Trabalhista Progressista (PLM \u2013 sigla em ingl\u00eas), liderado por George Walter, conseguiu derrotar pela primeira vez o PTA, ocupante do poder desde 1946. Cinco anos mais tarde, Bird retornou ao governo e iniciou as negocia\u00e7\u00f5es com a metr\u00f3pole brit\u00e2nica para a independ\u00eancia do pa\u00eds.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pol\u00edticos de oposi\u00e7\u00e3o temiam que, com o fim dos la\u00e7os que uniam as ilhas \u00e0 Coroa brit\u00e2nica, a figura de Bird se tornasse ainda mais poderosa e autorit\u00e1ria.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A independ\u00eancia foi conquistada em 1\u00b0\u00a0de novembro de 1981, e Vere Bird, confirmando as expectativas da oposi\u00e7\u00e3o, manteve-se no poder at\u00e9 1994, quando abandonou a vida p\u00fablica. O governo passou para Lester Bird, filho do ex-primeiro-ministro.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A dinastia Bird seguiu inabal\u00e1vel no comando do pa\u00eds at\u00e9 2004, sob acusa\u00e7\u00f5es de corrup\u00e7\u00e3o e abuso de autoridade levantadas, obstinadamente, pela oposi\u00e7\u00e3o. Em 1999, o pa\u00eds foi acusado pelo Departamento de Estado dos Estados Unidos de ser um dos principais centros de lavagem de dinheiro do Caribe. Nesse mesmo ano, Vere Bird faleceu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Em mar\u00e7o de 2004, Baldwin Spencer e o seu Partido Progressista Unido (UPP\u2013 sigla em ingl\u00eas), sa\u00edram vitoriosos nas elei\u00e7\u00f5es nacionais, encerrando cerca de sessenta anos de dom\u00ednio da dinastia Bird. Tamb\u00e9m de origem oper\u00e1ria, o novo primeiro-ministro prometeu lutar contra a corrup\u00e7\u00e3o e os \u201ccrimes cometidos contra o povo\u201d durante os governos de seus predecessores. Em outubro do mesmo ano, o Parlamento aprovou uma lei anticorrup\u00e7\u00e3o que previa multas e pris\u00e3o aos ministros e funcion\u00e1rios envolvidos em corrup\u00e7\u00e3o. Em junho de 2014, Gaston Browne, do Partido Trabalhista de Ant\u00edgua (PTA), sucedeu Spencer no cargo de primeiro-ministro.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pol\u00edtica externa e economia<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A pol\u00edtica externa de Bird sempre foi marcada por uma ades\u00e3o entusiasmada \u00e0 vis\u00e3o defendida pelos Estados Unidos na regi\u00e3o. O l\u00edder radical da juventude passou, com o tempo, a defender abertamente posi\u00e7\u00f5es identificadas com a direita. Isso inclu\u00eda a aceita\u00e7\u00e3o integral da doutrina Reagan e seu corol\u00e1rio de combate aos governos ou \u00e0s organiza\u00e7\u00f5es pol\u00edticas esquerdistas em toda a Am\u00e9rica Central e no Caribe.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Essa rela\u00e7\u00e3o tornou-se ainda mais estreita depois do arrendamento de uma por\u00e7\u00e3o do territ\u00f3rio de Ant\u00edgua aos Estados Unidos, para fins militares e propagand\u00edsticos. Nesse local, instalaram-se as antenas que transmitem para toda a regi\u00e3o a \u201cVoz da Am\u00e9rica\u201d, ve\u00edculo de propaganda do Departamento de Estado dos EUA.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">economia<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0do pa\u00eds seguiu a regra da maior parte das outras na\u00e7\u00f5es caribenhas, submetida \u00e0 depend\u00eancia de um produto agr\u00edcola at\u00e9 a d\u00e9cada de 1960 \u2013 no caso de Ant\u00edgua, a cana-de-a\u00e7\u00facar. A d\u00e9cada seguinte marcou o decl\u00ednio final das grandes culturas de cana. Iniciativas para recuperar a ind\u00fastria a\u00e7ucareira no in\u00edcio dos anos 1980 acabaram interrompidas, em 1985, por inviabilidade financeira.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A depend\u00eancia em rela\u00e7\u00e3o a cana-de-a\u00e7\u00facar foi substitu\u00edda pela ind\u00fastria do turismo, que responde por cerca de 60% do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) do pa\u00eds. Essa nova depend\u00eancia torna o pa\u00eds extremamente sens\u00edvel a mudan\u00e7as no quadro da economia mundial e a cat\u00e1strofes naturais, como os furac\u00f5es, que constantemente assolam a regi\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A agricultura representa apenas 12% das riquezas produzidas pelo pa\u00eds, o que o obriga a importar alimentos, principalmente para satisfazer as sofisticadas exig\u00eancias da ind\u00fastria do turismo. Ant\u00edgua tem procurado diversificar suas fontes de renda como centro de servi\u00e7os financeiros\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">offshore<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, atraindo investidores estrangeiros. Outras iniciativas visam estimular as atividades de cassinos virtuais (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">internet<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) e do ramo de transportes e comunica\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Indicadores socioecon\u00f4micos de Ant\u00edgua e Barbuda<\/b><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><b>1950<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>1960<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>1970<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>1980<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>1990<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>2000<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>2010<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>2020*<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Popula\u00e7\u00e3o\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(em mil habitantes)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">46<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">55<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">65<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">70<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">62<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">78<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">87<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">96<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Densidade demogr\u00e1fica<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(hab.\/km\u00b2)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">105<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">124<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">148<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">159<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">140<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">176<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">197<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8230;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Matr\u00edculas no\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ciclo prim\u00e1rio\u00b9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9.668<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">13.025<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11.254<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8230;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Popula\u00e7\u00e3o urbana (%)\u00b2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">30,07<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">39,66<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">33,82<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">34,62<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">35,43<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">32,13<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">26,24<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">22,21<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Popula\u00e7\u00e3o rural (%)\u00b2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">69,94<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">60,34<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">66,18<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">65,38<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">64,57<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">67,87<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">73,76<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">77,79<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Participa\u00e7\u00e3o na popula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">latino-americana (%)**<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0,03<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0,02<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0,02<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0,02<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0,01<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0,01<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0,01<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0,01<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Participa\u00e7\u00e3o na\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">popula\u00e7\u00e3o mundial (%)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0,002<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0,002<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0,002<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0,002<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0,001<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0,001<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0,001<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0,001<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PIB (em milh\u00f5es de US$ a<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pre\u00e7os constantes de 2010)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">695,6<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">949,4<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1.135,5<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8230;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Participa\u00e7\u00e3o no PIB<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0latino-americano (%)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0,026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0,027<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0,023<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8230;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PIB\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">per capita<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0(em US$ a<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pre\u00e7os constantes de 2010)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11.236,3<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12.227,0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">13.017,3<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8230;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exporta\u00e7\u00f5es anuais\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(em milh\u00f5es de US$)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">59,5<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">33,4<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">76,8<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">45,7<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8230;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Importa\u00e7\u00f5es anuais\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(em milh\u00f5es de US$)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">114,7<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">235,4<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">342,4<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">453,9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8230;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exporta\u00e7\u00f5e-importa\u00e7\u00f5es\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(em milh\u00f5es de US$)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-55,2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-202,0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-265,6<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-408,2<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8230;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00cdndice de Desenvolvimento<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Humano (IDH)\u00b3<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2026<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0,778<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8230;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fontes: CEPALSTAT | ONU.\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">World Population Prospects:\u00a0The 2012 Revision Population Database<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b9UNESCO\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Institute for Statistcs.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b2 Dados sobre a popula\u00e7\u00e3o urbana e rural retirados de ONU.<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">World Urbanization Prospects, the 2014 Revision.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00b3 UNDP.\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Countries Profiles.<\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">* Proje\u00e7\u00f5es. | ** Inclui o Caribe.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Obs.: Informa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre fontes prim\u00e1rias e metodologia de apura\u00e7\u00e3o (incluindo eventuais mudan\u00e7as) s\u00e3o encontradas na base de dado indicadas.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MAPAS<\/span><\/p>\n<p>,<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/09\/mp_auto_x2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-5654\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/09\/mp_auto_x2-268x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"348\" height=\"388\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/09\/mp_auto_x2-268x300.jpg 268w, https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/09\/mp_auto_x2-916x1024.jpg 916w, https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/09\/mp_auto_x2-768x858.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/09\/mp_auto_x2-1374x1536.jpg 1374w, https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/09\/mp_auto_x2-400x447.jpg 400w, https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/09\/mp_auto_x2.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 348px) 100vw, 348px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Bibliografia<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">HEFFINGTON, Douglas. Antiguan sugar mills: an adaptive use of relic geography.\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Focus<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. v. 43. n. 3. 1993.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">WHEATCROFT, Geoffrey. Oh, to be in Antigua: this Caribbean island makes an englishman feel right at home.\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Atlantic Monthly<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. v. 274. n. 4. Oct. 1994.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>ANT\u00cdGUA E BARBUDA Por Rafael Affonso de Miranda Alonso Nome oficial Antigua and Barbuda Localiza\u00e7\u00e3o Caribe Estado Monarquia constitucional tendo como chefe de Estado a rainha da Inglaterra, com sistema parlamentarista de governo Idiomas Ingl\u00eas (oficial)\u00a0e crioulo antiguano Moeda D\u00f3lar &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/antigua-e-barbuda\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22570,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5620","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-palestras"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5620","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/22570"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5620"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5620\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5655,"href":"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5620\/revisions\/5655"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5620"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5620"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.usp.br\/prolam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5620"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}